SELF-ESTEEM



Great Expectations in the English Class


"How we believe the world is and what we honestly think it can become have powerful effects on how things turn out."
James Rhem, executive editor for the online National Teaching and learning Forum


The Pygmalion effect , or more commonly known as the "teacher-expectancy effect" refers to situations in which students perform better than other students simply because they are expected to do so. The Pygmalion effect requires a student to internalise the expectations of their superiors. It is a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy and in this respect, students with poor expectations internalise their negative label, and those with positive labels succeed accordingly. In other words, expectation feeds performance. When a teacher expects a lot from a student, their self-confidence gets boosted. If your teacher believes you can excel, you are more likely to believe in your own capacity to succeed.

The effect is named after George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion, in which a professor makes a bet that he can teach a poor flower girl to speak and act like an upper-class lady, and is successful. In other words once an expectaction is set, even if it isn´t accurate, we tend to act in ways that are consistent with that expectation:

“You see, really and truly, apart from the things anyone can pick up (the dressing and the proper way of speaking and so on), the difference between a lady and a flower girl is not how she behaves, but how she is treated. I shall always be a flower girl to Profesor Higgins, because he always treats me as a flower girl, and always will, but I know I can be a lady to you because you always treat me as a lady, and always will.”
Eliza Doolittle to Pickering, from Pygmalion.

The word we are looking for here is self-esteem . Self-esteem depends on how we see ourselves and how the people who are important to us (parents, teachers and peers) see us.

Studies results indicate that low self-esteem can be the explanation for many of the problems that our students suffer at school. When children have negative feelings about themselves, they are more likely to display negative feelings towards others, to underachieve in school, and to develop behavioural problems and/or anti-social behaviour. Some students with a poor self-image may be excessively fearful and timid, expect failure and find it difficult to make decisions and express opinions. Others, may be bullying and bragging.

It seems that the most important social need is the one for a positive regard. Human beings need to be liked and feel loved and valued. This need is especially important for young school children as they are still building their self-image. However, a study carried out in 1982 showed that on avarage children receive 460 negative or critical comments and only 75 positive ones. Many children are humilliated in the classroom in pursuit of achievement and controlled behaviour. This makes students feel tense and overwhelmed and block their learning process. On the contraty, creating a positive verbal environment in the classroom and avoiding negative ways to deal with behaviour at school enhance students´ self-confidence and improve their academic performance.

Motivation is considered as one of the main conditions for learning to take place. The most important form of motivation is intrinsic motivation. Students who feel good about themselves are intrinsically motivated and therefore more likely to be successful. Success in one area allows pupils to be risk-takers and triers in other areas. This seems to be especially significant for foreign language teachers.

Our students´ performance will be greatly influenced by the way they view the classroom: as a place where their weaknesses will be revealed or as a space for growth and development. A supportive classroom environment makes pupils feel secure and helps them to face challenges presented by school life. There are five key components of self-esteem we should try to develop in class: a sense of security, a sense of identity, a sense of belonging, a sense of purpose and a sense of personal competence.

The usefulness of using self-esteem activities in the foreign language classroom to promote values and positive attitudes has been largely proved. If teachers encourage students to use language to express their feelings, both their linguistic abilities and their emotional development are greatly enhanced. According to Verónica de Andrés, the objectives to be pursued are:

1. To develop children´s undestanding of themselves: to learn about their uniqueness; to enhance their ability to express feelings; to encourage them to think positively about themselves.

2. To develop understanding of others: to be respectful of others, tolerant and cooperative; to increase awareness of and skills in friendship-making to encourage children to think and express temselves positively towards others.

3. To communicate more effectively: to listen while others are speaking; to wait for their turn; to improve language skills.

To conclude, just a recipe for success: “Expect a lot from people. You´ll get more. Have high expectations and reinforce them with positive messages, even if requires being a good actor” (adapted from Prof. Dov Eden).

For futher information see references.
Have at look at these
examples of activities.

References:

De Andrés, Verónica. Self-esteem in the classroom or the metamorphosis of butterflies. From Affect in Language Learning, edited by Jane Arnold. 1999. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bonet, José-Vicente. Sé amigo de ti mismo. 1997. Cantabria: Sal Terrae.

Dalgleish, Tanya. 2002. Activities and ideas to develop children´s self-esteem, across the Curriculum.London: A Et C Black Publishers Limited.

University of Texas
http://www.utexas.edu/student/cmhc/booklets/selfesteem/selfest.html

KidsHealth
http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/feelings/self_esteem.html
http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/emotion/self_esteem.html

Nacional Assocaition for Self-Esteem
http://www.self-esteem-nase.org/selfesteem.php

Self-Esteem Test for Adults
http://www.queendom.com/tests/personality/self_esteem_r_access.html

Self-Esteem Tests for Kids. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Self- Esteem Resources. Free Self-Esteem worksheets for kids.
http://journalbuddies.com/b-self-esteem_resources/self_esteem_inventory_kids.htm

Wikipedia 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-esteem